development and characteristics of the microprocessor, processor and single chip

History of Microprocessor Software Specification Microprocessor.Tahun
1971 4004 microprocessor used in Busicom calculator machine
1972 - 1978 Final and 8008 Microprocessor 2-fold from 4004 and Being the brain of a computer called the Altair
Intel Microprocessor 1982 286 286 is the first processor that can recognize and use the software used for the previous processor.
1985 Intel386 ™ Microprocessor Intel 386 is a processor that has an embedded diprosessor 275,000 transistors which when compared with 4004 having 100 times more than the 4004
1989 Intel486 ™ DX CPU Microprocessor Processor is the first time facilitates a wide range of applications that previously had to type in the command-command be just a click, and has a complex mathematical function so as to minimize the workload on the processor.
1993 Intel ® Pentium ® Processor Processor The new generation that is able to handle different types of data such as voice, sound, handwriting, and photos.
1995 Intel ® Pentium ® Pro Processor Processor is designed for use in application servers and workstations, which are made to process the data quickly, this processor has a 5.5 jt transistors are embedded.

Year Name Microprocessor Specification
1997 Intel ® Pentium ® II Processor Processor is a Pentium II processor that incorporates Intel MMX designed specifically to process video data, audio, and graphics efficiently. There are 7.5 million transistors integrated in it so the user PC with a processor can process a variety of data and use the internet better.
1998 Intel ® Pentium II Xeon ® Processor Processor made ​​for the needs of the application server. Intel when it wants to meet its strategy that wants to give a unique processor for a particular market.
1999 Intel ® Celeron ® Processor Processor Intel Celeron processor which is issued as a processor intended for users who do not really need a faster processor performance. The Intel Celeron processor has the same shape and formfactor with the Intel Pentium processor, but only with the instructions a little more, the L2 cache is smaller, the speed (clock speed) is slower, and the price is cheaper than an Intel processor Pentium.
1999 Intel ® Pentium ® III Processor Processor is a Pentium III processor with an added 70 new instructions that dramatically enriches the imaging capabilities of high-level, three-dimensional, audio streaming, and video applications as well as voice recognition.



1999: Intel ® Pentium ® III Xeon ® Processor
Intel re-penetrated market servers and workstations by issuing a series of Pentium III Xeon but that has 70 SIMD commands. The advantages of this processor is that it can speed up the processing of information from the system bus to the processor, which is also significantly boosting performance. This processor is also designed to be combined with other similar processors.

2000: Intel ® Pentium ® 4 Processor
Processor Intel Pentium IV is a product of the speed of the process is capable of penetrating up to 3:06 GHz speed. First time out this processor with 1.5GHz speed formafactor pin 423, after the revamp intel Intel Pentium 4 processor formfactor be the start of a 478 pin Intel Pentium 4 1.3 GHz speed until the latest which is currently capable of penetrating up to 3.4 GHz speed.

2001: Intel ® Xeon ® Processor
Intel Pentium 4 Xeon processor is the Intel Pentium 4 processor is intended for high-performance computer servers. This processor has a number of pins more than the Intel Pentium 4 processor with a memory and a larger L2 cache as well.

2001: Intel ® Itanium ® Processor
Is the first Itanium processor-based 64-bit is intended for usage on servers and workstations as well as specific users. This processor has been created with a structure completely different from the previous design and technology based on Intel's Explicitly Parallel Instruction Computing (EPIC).

2002: Intel ® Itanium ® 2 Processor
Itanium 2 is the second generation of the Itanium family

2003: Intel ® Pentium ® M Processor
855 chipset, and the Intel ® PRO / WIRELESS 2100 is a component of Intel ® Centrino ™. Intel Centrino are made to meet market demands the existence of a computer that is easy to carry anywhere.

2004: Intel Pentium M processors 735/745/755
Equipped with a 855 chipset with new features 2Mb L2 Cache 400MHz system bus and processor socket compatibility with the Pentium M series before.

2004: E7520/E7320 Intel Chipsets
7320/7520 can be used for dual processor with 800MHz FSB configuration, DDR2 400 memory, PCI Express peripherals and interfaces.

2005: Intel Pentium 4 Extreme Edition 3.73GHz
A processor that is aimed at the market of computer users who want something more than a computer, it uses the configuration 3.73GHz processor frequency, 1.066GHz FSB, EM64T, 2MB L2 cache, and HyperThreading.

2005: Intel Pentium D 820/830/840
Processor-based 64-bit and dual core called because using 2 core, with 1MB of L2 cache configuration for each core, 800MHz FSB, and can operate at a frequency of 2.8GHz, 3.0GHz, and 3.2GHz. In this type of processor is also included support hyperthreading.

2006: Intel Core 2 Quad Q6600
Processor for desktop type and is used in people who want more power than the computer that he had to have 2 cores with 2.4GHz configuration with 8MB L2 cache (up to 4MB accessible per core), 1.06GHz Front-side bus, and thermal design power (TDP)

2006: Quad-core Intel Xeon X3210/X3220
Processor is used for the server type and has 2 cores with each having 2:13 and 2.4GHz configurations, respectively, with 8MB of L2 cache (4MB which can achieve accessible for each core), 1.06GHz Front-side bus, and thermal design power (TDP)

existing equipment on processing equipment

a) Main Board
Is a board / mother board or main board where all the mounted devices ranging from the processor, memory, expansion slots, etc.. Equally important mainboard with the processor. If we let in humans, the mainboard is a series of blood vessels and nerves at the computer. Mainboard unfavorable, will result in maximum performance of the other peripherals. Therefore, the selection of the proper mainboard will greatly affect computer performance. This tool serves to accommodate and manage the tools that are connected in series tool process tool such as the processor, memory (RAM), hard drive, etc..
The main chipset on the mainboard there are two Northbridge and Southbridge. Northbridge function is to bridge the flow of data around main memory and the processor and set the power management work. While Southbridge function is to regulate labor-peripheral peripherals sort of IDE controller, PCI bus, AGP, and I / O functions other.

b) Processor,
This tool is the core of the tool itself, serves to regulate all activities on the computer. The speed of the processor unit is MHz (Mega Hertz) or GHz (1000 megahertz), where the greater the value the faster process execution on the computer. Processor can analogy as the brain of the computer. This hardware is used to perform all sorts of processes in the computer system. So the processor will determine the speed and performance of computer systems.
In fact in the computer system we can not see by naked eyes how the processor. But when the computer works, the processor is actually doing arithmetic processing and controlling the overall operation of the computer according to the instructions given by the user.

c) RAM (Random Access Memory)
This tool is used to assist in performing the job processor data processing, in addition, the RAM can also be used as a temporary data storage (not permanent). That data will be lost if the computer is turned off.
Types of Ram is EDORAM, RDRAM, SDRAM, and DDR-SDRAM. In RAM, there are some memory chips are used as storagenya. RAM capacity has now reached up to 2Gb per chip memorynya.


d) Hard Disk Drive
a hardware component that stores data and contain secondary magnetic disk. Hard Disk Drive was first invented by IBM engineers, Reynold Johnson in 1956. The first Hard Disk Drive consists of 50 disks measuring 2 feet (0.6 meters) with a rotational speed reaches 1200 rpm (rotation per minute) with a storage capacity of 4.4 MB. Hard disks today there are only 0.6 cm wide with a capacity of 750 GB. This tool is used to store data permanently, does not significantly affect the amount of capacity used, depending on needs alone.


In the development of a physical hard disk is now becoming increasingly thin and small but has a data capacity is very large. Hard discs are now also not only be installed in the device (internal) but can also be installed outside the (external) using a USB or FireWire cable.

e) VGA (Virtual Graphics Adapter)
an analog computer display standard first marketed by IBM in tahun1987. Although the VGA standard is no longer used because it has been replaced by a newer standard, VGA is implemented on a Pocket PC. VGA was the last graphical standard that is followed by the majority of computer graphics card manufacturer. Display Windows is still using the VGA mode is supported by many manufacturers monitor and graphics card.
The term VGA is often used to refer to the screen resolution size of 640 × 480, any graphics card hardware makers. VGA card is useful to translate the computer output to the monitor. For the graphic design process or play video games, needed a high-powered graphics card. Renowned manufacturer of graphics cards include ATI and nVidia.
In addition, it can also refer to the VGA 15-pin VGA connector is still widely used to deliver analog video signal to the monitor. Standard VGA was officially superseded by IBM's XGA standard, but in fact it was replaced by the Super VGA VGA.

f) Power Supply
Is an electronic device that is useful as a resource for other devices, especially electric power. Basically Power Supply is not a tool that generates electrical energy alone, but there are some Power Supply which produces mechanical energy, and other energy. This tool is used to provide and regulate the flow of electricity to be used in the circuit of the tool - the tool process. Broadly speaking, the Power Supply is divided into two kinds:

a. Power Supply is not stabilized
Power Supply is a type of the simplest. In this type of Power Supply, maaupun voltage output current of the Power Supply is not stabilized, so that changes according to the state of the input voltage and output load. Power Supply of this type usually used on simple electronic devices that are not sensitive to changes in voltage. Power Supply type is also widely used in high power amplifier to compensate for voltage spikes on the output amplifier.
b. Power Supply stabilized
Power Supply This type uses a mechanism to stabilize loose behind the output voltage, input voltage variation of the free, the output load, and hum.

g) Sound Card
a computer hardware used to record sound and voice. At first, just a natural sound card of a computer. But now, the sound card is mandatory in every computer device.

Judging from the way of installation, sound cards, divided into 3:

i. Onboard Sound Card, which is directly attached to the sound card on the computer motherboard.
ii. Sound Card offboard, ie sound card installation in the slot ISA / PCI. on the motherboard. On average, it's using PCI.
iii. External soundcard, sound card user is connected to the computer via an external port such as USB or Fire Wire.

family's role in the formation of the child's personal

Environment has an important role in the realization of the child's personality. Especially the family environment. Both parents are the role players. Family environment is a home base for every human life. Due to the importance of family influence in the education of children in some problems such as the matter of belief, culture, norms, emotional and sebaginya. Family preparing a means of growth and the formation of the child's personality early on. In other words, depending on the child's personality and thought the treatment of both parents and the environment. And do not loose with ethics and delivery of something from the parents.

The family is part of a society, and both parents have a very important role in realizing the child's personality. . The elements that exist within a culture of good family, schools, the economy and even the number of family members affect the treatment and thought the child's father and mother in particular. The influence of the family in children's education is very large in a variety of sides. The family that prepares potential for growth and the formation of the child's personality. More specifically, the personality of the child depends on the thinking and behavior of both parents as well as the environment. Child behaviors will make falsifies chain interactions and family members at the same time this interaction will shape his personality gradually and provide direction and strengthen the child's behavior in the same conditions in life.

The role of parents in bringing the child's personality.

Father and mother is the first example of the formation of children's personalities. Beliefs, thoughts and behaviors father and mother by itself has a profound influence on the thinking and behavior of children. Because the human personality appears in the form of paintings on a wide variety of situations and conditions in the family environment.

Family act as executor factor in realizing the values​​, beliefs and cultural perceptions of a society. Father and mother who must carry out their duties in the presence of his son. Especially mothers should have focused on keeping the moral, physical and mental in pre pregnancy to pregnancy in the hope God gives her child a healthy and virtuous.

Both parents have a task in front of her where they should meet their needs. Children in early life have needs that must be fulfilled. With the fulfillment of their needs, parents will produce children cheerful and happy. To realize the child's personality, consequently both parents should have faith in human values ​​in the Koran, as well as both parents must have knowledge related to psychological problems and stages of change and human growth. Thus both parents in dealing with children either in thought or menghukumi them, will be in accordance with the benchmarks that have been specified in the Koran.

The role of parents in bringing the child's personality, among others:

1. Both parents must love and care for her children. When the children get enough love and affection of both parents, so when they are out of the house and face the new problems they will be facing and finish well. Conversely, if both parents are meddling in their affairs or impose their children to obey them, then the behavior of both parents so this will be a hindrance to the perfection of their personality.

2. Both parents must keep the peace of the home environment and preparing the peace of the souls of children. As this will lead to growth potential and creativity of the children sense that ultimately their desire and willingness to be strong and they should be given the right to vote.

3. Mutual respect between parents and children. Yours here does not mean being outwardly polite but besides firmness both parents, they should pay attention to the desire and demand of natural and pure children. Mutual respect means to reduce the negative criticism and discussion in association with personality and behavior as well as creating a climate of affection and familiarity, and at the same time both parents have to keep their legal rights relating to themselves and others. Both parents must be firm so that they also want to respect each other.

4. Brought confidence. Appreciate and give confidence to children means giving awards and eligibility for them, as this will make them go forward and try and daring in attitude. Confidence of children against itself will cause them easy to accept that there are flaws and errors in them. They believe in themselves and confident in their own abilities. By helping others they feel useful and important presence.

5. Conducting meetings of clubs and families (both parents and children). By looking at the curiosities of nature and the soul needs child, they always want to know about himself. The second task is to give parents information about the composition of the body and the changes and growth of their children against them. In addition parents should introduce them on issues of faith, morality and the laws of jurisprudence and human life. If both parents are not as good reference points and enough for their children then the children will be looking for another example; either or both and this will prepare the child diversion facilities.

The role of the family in educating children.

The task of educating children is the primary task of a very large role to the success of the family. As rich and successful as any life of a family, may be not mean anything when the child turns out we can not be expected personally as a parent, even slipping into the abyss of error and disobedience.

Many people misunderstand the task of educating the child, whether the task or whether Mother Father? Most of the total surrender to mother's father, while the mother complained mostly because dad totally innocent hands.

This task is a shared responsibility father and mother, with the father remained as primarily responsible. However, this task must be carried out by the father, because the mother that can help children there. Mom even had a character trait that is more appropriate as an educator of children. Because technically mother was the one who then is responsible for the child's education, then it is the duty of father to educate his wife was so clever.

And the most important is that the father and mother are the only example of a first for her children in the formation of personality, as well as children are not aware they will be affected, then both parents are here act as good role models for their exemplary on theoretical as well as practical. Father and mother before they teach religious values ​​and moral and emotional to her children, they first have to practice it themselves.

Role of Youth in Society

YOUTH is the next generation of a nation, national cadres, cadres and cadres families. Youth is always synonymous with change, how no role in building the nation's youth, the youth's role in upholding justice, the role of youth who rejected power.

History has recorded gait youths who do not know the time is always struggling with gusto even though soul is at stake. Indonesian independence thanks to Indonesian youths who fought like Ir. Sukarno, Moh. Hatta, Sutan Syahrir, Bung Tomo and others with full sacrifice himself for the nation and the State.

More about the role of the role of youth in society is the successor generation old group that plays an important role in society. Organize a series of activities in a variety of socialization, as well as others. The next generation also plays an important role in democratic conditions in the surrounding communities. Example, in the context of the selection of the RT or RW. The entire surrounding community to participate to deliver voice, including the next generation. And furthermore, can socialize and join the group old group, in terms of society, or association. They also can make socialization Atar others, as examples of organizing themselves into a group of sports, such as basketball. And automatically, they will share, and socialize with one another. And therefore, there will be a good contact relationship between the members, get to know each other, and help each other if one is experiencing difficulty in every respect.

And it is unfortunate role in the socialization of young people today are truly bermasyrakat decreased drastically, usually once every community activities such as voluntary work, religious ceremonies, customs usually play an active role in the success of the event is around the young man. But the youth now prefer the pleasure, always playing around and even the RT / RW its course he does not know.

Now our young men and women prefer role in the virtual world than the real world. Online prefers, prefer active on the mailing list, would rather sit on a forum rather than a consensus for progress RT, RW, District, Province even at the higher level is the State.

But not all young people in this country have such attitude. There are many young people who are responsible in all respects. Therefore, we as youth are actively in community activities, socialization with people around. Due to the presence of highly anticipated youth to support change and renewal for the community and the state.

HUMAN AND RESPONSIBILITIES

Responsibility is a consequence of the results of the action we did, and it is mandatory responsibility on what we have done consciously on purpose or not on purpose orally and in writing. If we do not have responsibility for all our actions, then we will be judged as irresponsible, because it will be the responsibility of an act is not only the responsibility for yourself.

There are several levels of responsibility:
- Responsibility to the Lord
- Responsibility to NATION / STATE
- Responsibility to FAMILY
- Responsibility to SOCIETY / OTHERS
- And the responsibility to YOURSELF

synopsis

A cinematic adaptation of the novel Phenomenal Laskar Pelangi by Andrea Hirata.

The first day of the opening of the new class in elementary school Muhammadiyah be very stressful for two exceptional teachers, Muslimah (Cut Mini) and pack Harfan (Ikranegara), and 9 students who wait at the school located in the village Gantong, Belitong. Because if it does not reach the 10 students enrolled, the school will be closed.

That day, Aaron, a special student to save them. The 10 students were then given the name Rainbow Warrior by Muslim bu, forge an unforgettable story.

5 years together, Bu Mus, Mr. Harfan and to 10 students with a unique and keistimewaanya respectively, struggled to continue in school, Curls (Zulfani), Latitude (Ferdian) and dowry (Veris Yamarno) with talent and intelligence emerged as the driving spirit their school.

In the midst of an attempt to maintain schools, they lose their loved figure. Can the trial-by-ordeal they face?

The film is filled with stories about the challenges suburb, full of emotion and the story about the struggle to reach the dream of life, and the beauty of friendship that saved their lives, with a background of a beautiful island that became one of the richest islands in Indonesia.

and here mother mulimah or so-called mother was a prominent mus kind, compassionate and willing to sacrifice for the children who are less able to attend school. He was determined to fight that every citizen is entitled to a decent education, be it rich or poor. And Bu Mus very sincere in providing education to children who attend the elementary Muhammadiyah. He does not expect a reward in teaching is expected because all the kids can get an education so that they can continue their ideals. With minimum facilities and number of students who do not much not reduce Bu Mus sincere intention in providing education to children living in the area. Even when the Principal dies and another co-teacher decided to quit teaching and moved to another, more elementary bonavit, it all does not necessarily make Bu Mus despair. Dya still did not give up with the situation and Dya still provide education to the children although only one, because Bu Mus confident within themselves their young protege has its own potential or talent, and very unfortunately that is not developed. with passion and perseverance, SD Muhammadiyah could eventually recognized its existence and get help facilities of the Local Government, and Bu Mus managed to make their students could get an education that is taken for granted they get.

Definition Of Information Questions

5W 1H Question :

Who

• Identify the characters in the reading and make a list of them.
• Draw connecting lines between the characters and describe to yourself the relationship between the characters.

What

• Identify the events or actions and make a list of them.
• Draw connecting lines between the events or actions to show the relationship between  them.
• Draw connecting lines between the characters and the events as you describe to yourself the relationship between them.

Where

• Identify all the places in the reading and make a list of them.
• Draw connecting lines between places, events and characters as you describe to yourself the relationship among them.

When

• Identify all the time factors in the reading and make a list of them.
• Draw connecting lines between time factors, places, events and characters as you describe to yourself the relationship among them.

Why

• Identify causes for events of actions and make a list of them.
• Draw connecting lines from the causes to effects on the characters, events, places, or times as you describe to yourself the relationship among them.

How

• Identify the way events took place and make a list of them.
• Draw connecting lines between the way events took place and other factors as you describe to yourself the relationship among them

Yes No Question :

Definition:  An interrogative construction that expects an answer of “yes” or “no.” Contrast with wh- question.

Examples and Observations:

                        Homer: Are you an angel?

                         Moe: Yes, Homer. All us angels wear Farrah slacks.

                        (The Simpsons)

“Directing a movie is a very overrated job, we all know it. You just have to say ‘yes’ or ‘no.’ What else do you do? Nothing. ‘Maestro, should this be red?’ Yes. ‘Green?’ No. ‘More extras?’ Yes. ‘More lipstick?’ No. Yes. No. Yes. No. That’s directing.” (Judi Dench as Liliane La Fleur in Nine, 2009).

            Principal McGee: Are you just going to stand there all day?

            Sonny: No ma’am. I mean, yes ma’am. I mean, no ma’am.

             Principal McGee: Well, which is it?

             Sonny: Um, no ma’am.

             (Eve Arden and Michael Tucci in Grease, 1978)

The yes-no question is found in three varieties: the inverted question, the typical exemplar of this kind; the inverted question offering an alternative (which may require more than a simple yes or no for an answer); and the tag question:

            Are you going? (inversion)

            Are you staying or going? (inversion with alternative)

            You’re going, aren’t you? (tag)

The inverted question merely inverts the subject and the first verb of the verb phrase of the corresponding statement pattern when that verb is either a modal or an auxiliary verb or the verb be and sometimes have. The question itself may be positive or negative:

She is leaving on Wednesday.

            Is she leaving on Wednesday?

    . . . A positive question appears to be neutral as to the expected response–yes or no. However, a negative question seems to hold out the distinct possibility of a negative response.

            Are you going? Yes/No.

            Aren’t you going? No.

(Ronald Wardhaugh, Understanding English Grammar: A Linguistic Approach. Wiley-Blackwell, 2003)

“There are many different ways to format questions on a survey. Let’s say you want to measure people’s attitudes toward premarital sex. You could ask a simple yes-no question:

        Are you in favor of premarital sex?

        ___ Yes ___ No

Or you could use a Likert-type scale where the question is phrased as a statement.” (Annabel Ness Evans and Bryan J. Rooney, Methods in Psychological Research, 2nd ed. Sage, 2011) Also Known As: polar interrogative, polar question, bipolar question

Tag Question :

Question tags are the short questions that we put on the end of sentences – particularly in spoken English. There are lots of different question tags but the rules are not difficult to learn.

Positive/negative
If the main part of the sentence is positive, the question tag is negative ….

• He’s a doctor, isn’t he?
• You work in a bank, don’t you?

… and if the main part of the sentence is negative, the question tag is positive.

• You haven’t met him, have you?
• She isn’t coming, is she?

With auxiliary verbs

The question tag uses the same verb as the main part of the sentence. If this is an auxiliary verb (‘have’, ‘be’) then the question tag is made with the auxiliary verb.

• They’ve gone away for a few days, haven’t they?
• They weren’t here, were they?
• He had met him before, hadn’t he?
• This isn’t working, is it?

Without auxiliary verbs

If the main part of the sentence doesn’t have an auxiliary verb, the question tag uses an appropriate form of ‘do’.

• I said that, didn’t I?
• You don’t recognise me, do you?
• She eats meat, doesn’t she?

With modal verbs

If there is a modal verb in the main part of the sentence the question tag uses the same modal verb.

• They couldn’t hear me, could they?
• You won’t tell anyone, will you?

With ‘I am’

Be careful with question tags with sentences that start ‘I am’. The question tag for ‘I am’ is ‘aren’t I?’

• I’m the fastest, aren’t I?

Intonation

Question tags can either be ‘real’ questions where you want to know the answer or simply asking for agreement when we already know the answer.

If the question tag is a real question we use rising intonation. Our tone of voice rises.
If we already know the answer we use falling intonation. Our tone of voice falls.

Source :
http://designjournalsos.blogspot.com/2012/01/amusement-theme-starter-ultimate-how-to.html
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbs-questions-tag.htm